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ARGENTINA
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Argentina Government
Republican Government
The dictatorial regime of Rosas was overthrown in 1852 by a revolutionary
group led by General Justo Urquiza, a former governor of Entre Rios Province,
who received assistance from Uruguay and Brazil. In 1853 a federal constitution
was adopted, and Urquiza became first president of the Argentine Republic.
Buenos Aires Province, refusing to adhere to the new constitution, proclaimed
independence in 1854. The mutual hostility of the two states flared into
war in 1859. The Argentine Republic won a quick victory in this conflict,
and in October 1859, Buenos Aires agreed to join the federation.
The province was, however, the center of another rebellion against the
central government in 1861. Headed by General Bartolome Mitre, the rebels
defeated the national army in September of that year. The president of
the republic resigned on November 5. In May of the next year a national
convention elected Mitre to the presidency and designated the city of
Buenos Aires as the national capital. With these events, Buenos Aires
Province, the wealthiest and most populous in the union, achieved temporary
control over the remainder of the nation.
Turmoil in Uruguay brought on a Paraguayan invasion of Argentine territory
in 1865, beginning the bloody War of the Triple Alliance, which ended
in complete victory for Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay in 1870. During
the next decade the conquest of the Pampas as far as the Rio Negro was
completed, and the threat of hostile Native Americans from that direction
was eliminated.
This so-called War of the Desert (1879-1880), directed by General Julio
A. Roca, opened up vast new areas for grazing and farming. In 1880 Roca,
who opposed the ascendency of Buenos Aires in national affairs, was elected
to the presidency. In the aftermath of his victory, the city of Buenos
Aires was separated from the province and established as a federal district
and national capital. A long-standing boundary dispute with Chile was
settled in 1881; through this agreement Argentina acquired the title to
the eastern half of Tierra del Fuego.
In 1895 a boundary dispute with Brazil was submitted to arbitration by
the United States, which awarded about 65,000 sq km (about 25,000 sq mi)
of territory to Argentina. The country became involved in a serious controversy
with Chile regarding the Patagonian frontier in 1899. This dispute was
finally settled in 1902, with Great Britain acting as arbitrator. In the
half century following 1880, Argentina made remarkable economic and social
progress. During the first decade of the 20th century the country emerged
as one of the leading nations of South America.
It began to figure prominently in hemispheric affairs and, in 1914, helped
to mediate a serious dispute between the United States and Mexico. Argentina
remained neutral during World War I but played a major role as supplier
of foodstuffs to the Allies.
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Information on these pages has been retrieved from the following sources:
www.cia.gov
www.presidencia.gov.ar
www.lonelyplanet.com
www.bcra.gov.ar
www.bibnal.edu.ar
www.literatura.org
www.mrecic.gov.ar
www.geographia.com
www.sectur.gov.ar
www.buenosairesherald.com
http://news.bbc.co.uk
http://lanic.utexas.edu
http://travel.state.gov
www.journeylatinamerica.co.uk
www.latin-focus.com
www.argentinas-hotels.com
www.worldatlas.com
www.imf.org
www.weatherhub.com
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